Analysis on solid waste emission and management in the development of Beijing City

Beijing, as a typical large city of China, is experiencing a transformational development that huge change occurs in the industrial structure and the city infrastructure. It will have an impact on the resources consumption and solid waste management of Beijing. Based on the data of city development and resources utilization in 2010-2014, this research analyzes the relationship among the different solid waste types, resources consumption and industry development on the premise of sustainable industrial structure adjustment by the methods of the material flow analysis and scenarios analysis. The results show that: firstly, Beijing city has become a typical city relying on resources consumption, with a slow growth of the waste solid emission. Secondly, construction and demolition waste has become the major solid waste in total amount, while municipal solid waste is still the major solid waste in the central urban. Thirdly, a larger reduction of solid waste landfill would be obtained by adjusting the mode of resources recycle, utilization and disposition. The potential reduction of solid waste landfill is estimated to be above 10 million tons in 2020. References [1] Jinglan Hong, Xiangzhi Li, Cui Zhaojie. Life cycle assessment of four municipal solid waste management scenarios in China [J]. Waste Management, 2010, 30: 2362-2369. [2] Dong QingZhang, Soon Keat Tan, Richard M.Gersberg. Municipal solid waste management in China: Status, problems and challenges [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2010, 91: 1623-1633. [3] Yan Zhao, Thomas H. Christensen, Wenjing L, et al. Environmental impact assessment of solid waste management in Beijing City, China [J]. Waste Management, 2011, 31: 793-799. [4] Lilliana Abarca Guerrero, Ger Maas, William Hogland. Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries [J]. Waste Management, 2013, 33: 220-231

Analysis of the non-volatile components and volatile compounds of hydrolysates derived from unmatured cheese curd hydrolysis by different enzymes

peer reviewedFifteen cheese protein hydrolysates were produced by using four different proteases. Then, the free amino acids (FAAs), molecular weight distribution (MWD), electronic tongue evaluation, and 45 volatile compounds of the corresponding products were evaluated, respectively. The results 46 suggested that 2SD had the strongest hydrolysis characteristic, followed by 6SD and FN. Samples 47 hydrolyzed for less than 6 h or more than 18 h contained great defects of taste. Peptides with 150 48 Da – 450 Da were mainly responsible for bitterness, saltiness, umami, and aftertaste in some enzyme 49 hydrolysis. Under the same total enzyme concentration condition, the sample hydrolyzed by 50 Flavourzyme and Neutrase for 18 h released more richness and less bitterness than the other systems, 51 which were characterized by butter and cream odor. Notably, it was found for the first time that 52 tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) was detected in cheese proteolysis with the highest content of 17.59 53 µg/g in Protease 2SD for 30 h. 2-Undecanone and acetoin played a key role in the flavor formation 54 of the tested samples. Regarding the different chemical families of volatiles, acids were more 55 abundant in the samples hydrolyzed by Protease 2SD and 6SD, while FN systems can achieve high 56 ketone content

Fatty Acid, Triglyceride, and Kinetic Properties of Milk Fat Fractions Made by the Combination of Dry Fractionation and Short-Path Molecular Distillation.

peer reviewedIn this study, we aimed to detect the physicochemical properties of distilled products (residue and distillate) obtained from anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and its dry fractionation products (liquid and solid fractions at 25°C (25 L and 25 S)). The results showed that the saturated fatty acids and low- and medium-molecular-weight triglycerides were easily accumulated in the distillate, and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acid and high-molecular-weight triglycerides in the residue were higher, and these components in 25 S and 25 L were influenced more significantly than those in the AMF. In addition, the distillate had larger melting ranges in comparison with the distilled substrate, while the melting ranges of residue was smaller. The triglycerides were presented as the mixture crystal forms (α, β', and β crystal) in 25 S, AMF, and their distilling products, and it was transformed gradually to a single form as the increasing of distilling temperature. Moreover, the accumulated pattern of triglycerides was double chain length in 25 S, AMF, and their distilling products. These results provide a new approach to obtain the MF fractions with different properties, and the findings of this study enrich the theoretical basis of MF separation in practical production

Optimal Course of Statins for Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Is Longer Treatment Better? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Statins are used in clinical practice to prevent from complications such as cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the efficacy and safety of statins are still controversial due to insufficient evidence from randomized controlled trials and inconsistent results of the existing studies. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically review the latest evidence on the time window and complications of statins in aSAH. The randomized controlled trials in the databases of The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang from January 2005 to April 2021 were searched and analyzed systematically. Data analysis was performed using Stata version 16.0. The fixed-effects model (M-H method) with effect size risk ratio (RR) was used for subgroups with homogeneity, and the random-effects model (D-L method) with effect size odds ratio (OR) was used for subgroups with heterogeneity. The primary outcomes were poor neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and statin-related complications. This study was registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; CRD42021247376). Nine studies comprising 1,464 patients were included. The Jadad score of the patients was 5–7. Meta-analysis showed that poor neurological prognosis was reduced in patients who took oral statins for 14 days (RR, 0.73 [0.55–0.97]; I2 = 0%). Surprisingly, the continuous use of statins for 21 days had no significant effect on neurological prognosis (RR, 1.04 [0.89–1.23]; I2 = 17%). Statins reduced CVS (OR, 0.51 [0.36–0.71]; I2 = 0%) but increased bacteremia (OR, 1.38 [1.01–1.89]; I2 = 0%). In conclusion, a short treatment course of statins over 2 weeks may improve neurological prognosis. Statins were associated with reduced CVS. Based on the pathophysiological characteristics of CVS and the evaluation of prognosis, 2 weeks could be the optimal time window for statin treatment in aSAH, although bacteremia may increase

Fetal Brain Tissue Annotation and Segmentation Challenge Results

In-utero fetal MRI is emerging as an important tool in the diagnosis and analysis of the developing human brain. Automatic segmentation of the developing fetal brain is a vital step in the quantitative analysis of prenatal neurodevelopment both in the research and clinical context. However, manual segmentation of cerebral structures is time-consuming and prone to error and inter-observer variability. Therefore, we organized the Fetal Tissue Annotation (FeTA) Challenge in 2021 in order to encourage the development of automatic segmentation algorithms on an international level. The challenge utilized FeTA Dataset, an open dataset of fetal brain MRI reconstructions segmented into seven different tissues (external cerebrospinal fluid, grey matter, white matter, ventricles, cerebellum, brainstem, deep grey matter). 20 international teams participated in this challenge, submitting a total of 21 algorithms for evaluation. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the results from both a technical and clinical perspective. All participants relied on deep learning methods, mainly U-Nets, with some variability present in the network architecture, optimization, and image pre- and post-processing. The majority of teams used existing medical imaging deep learning frameworks. The main differences between the submissions were the fine tuning done during training, and the specific pre- and post-processing steps performed. The challenge results showed that almost all submissions performed similarly. Four of the top five teams used ensemble learning methods. However, one team's algorithm performed significantly superior to the other submissions, and consisted of an asymmetrical U-Net network architecture. This paper provides a first of its kind benchmark for future automatic multi-tissue segmentation algorithms for the developing human brain in utero.Comment: Results from FeTA Challenge 2021, held at MICCAI; Manuscript submitte

Functional Analysis of the Kinome of the Wheat Scab Fungus Fusarium graminearum

As in other eukaryotes, protein kinases play major regulatory roles in filamentous fungi. Although the genomes of many plant pathogenic fungi have been sequenced, systematic characterization of their kinomes has not been reported. The wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum has 116 protein kinases (PK) genes. Although twenty of them appeared to be essential, we generated deletion mutants for the other 96 PK genes, including 12 orthologs of essential genes in yeast. All of the PK mutants were assayed for changes in 17 phenotypes, including growth, conidiation, pathogenesis, stress responses, and sexual reproduction. Overall, deletion of 64 PK genes resulted in at least one of the phenotypes examined, including three mutants blocked in conidiation and five mutants with increased tolerance to hyperosmotic stress. In total, 42 PK mutants were significantly reduced in virulence or non-pathogenic, including mutants deleted of key components of the cAMP signaling and three MAPK pathways. A number of these PK genes, including Fg03146 and Fg04770 that are unique to filamentous fungi, are dispensable for hyphal growth and likely encode novel fungal virulence factors. Ascospores play a critical role in the initiation of wheat scab. Twenty-six PK mutants were blocked in perithecia formation or aborted in ascosporogenesis. Additional 19 mutants were defective in ascospore release or morphology. Interestingly, F. graminearum contains two aurora kinase genes with distinct functions, which has not been reported in fungi. In addition, we used the interlog approach to predict the PK-PK and PK-protein interaction networks of F. graminearum. Several predicted interactions were verified with yeast two-hybrid or co-immunoprecipitation assays. To our knowledge, this is the first functional characterization of the kinome in plant pathogenic fungi. Protein kinase genes important for various aspects of growth, developmental, and infection processes in F. graminearum were identified in this study